Mikrobni biosenzorji za monitoring okolja

David VOGRINC, Maša VODOVNIK, Romana MARINŠEK-LOGAR

Povzetek


Mikrobni biosenzorji so analitske naprave, ki nam omogočajo zaznavanje snovi v okolju zaradi specifične biološke reakcije, ki poteka v mikroorganizmu ali njegovem delu. Če želimo takšno napravo uporabiti za monitoring onesnažil v okolju, moramo dobro poznati odziv mikroorganizma na specifičen analit in ga preko pretvornika signala spremeniti v kvantitativno obliko. Poznamo različne konfiguracije mikrobnih biosenzorjev glede na pretvornik signala – elektrokemijske in optične biosenzorje ter mikrobne gorivne celice. Vsaka ima svoje prednosti in slabosti, katero uporabimo, je v veliki meri odvisno od izbora biosenzorskega organizma. Transgene celice E. coli nam omogočajo bioluminescenčno ali fluorescenčno zaznavo, v mikrobne gorivne celice pa lahko vključimo mešane mikrobne združbe. Z izborom organizma se prilagajamo tudi onesnažilu. Med najpogostejšimi onesnažili so pesticidi, težke kovine, fenoli, organski odpadki. Z biosenzorji ne spremljamo le njihovih koncentracij v okolju, pač pa beležimo tudi toksične in genotoksične vplive analitov na mikroorganizme. S povečevanjem skrbi za okolje narašča tudi pomen mikrobnih biosenzorjev. Razvoj tehnologij, kot sta bioinformatika in genetski inženiring, nam omogoča temeljitejše in uspešnejše načrtovanje uporabe mikrobnih biosenzorjev v okoljskih aplikacijah. Izziv za prihodnje pa ostaja prenos mikrobne biosenzorske tehnologije na teren.

Ključne besede


mikrobiologija; varstvo okolja; mikrobni biosenzorji; okoljska onesnažila; mikrobne gorivne celice; bioluminescenca; genetika; bioinformatika; genetski inženiring

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2015.106.2.1

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